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Overview
of as,
the GNU assembler
The
following documentation serves as a overview to the user guide for the
GNU assembler, as.
The following
summarizes briefly how to invoke as.
For details, see Command-line
options.
as [ -a[cdhlns][=file] ] [ -D ] [ --defsym sym=value ]
[ -f ] [ --gstabs ][ --help ] [ -I dir ][-J][-K ][-L ]
[ --keep-locals ] [ -o objfile ] [ -R ] [ --statistics ]
[ -v ] [ -version ] [ --version ] [ -W ] [ -w ] [ -x ] [ -Z ]
[ -mbig-endian | -mlittle-endian ]
[ -m[arm]1 | -m[arm]2 | -m[arm]250 | -m[arm]3 | -m[arm]6
| -m[arm]7[t][d]m[i]] ]
[ -m[arm]v2 | -m[arm]v2a | -m[arm]v3 | -m[arm]v3m | -m[arm]v4
| -m[arm]v4t ]
[ -mthumb | -mall ]
[ -mfpa10 | -mfpa11 | -mfpe-old | -mno-fpu
[ -EB | -EL ]
[ -mapcs-32 | -mapcs-26]
[ -O ]
[ -O | -n | -N ]
[ -Av6 | -Av7 | -Av8 | -Asparclite | -Av8plus | -Av8plus -Av9
| -Av9a ]
[ -xarch=v8plus | -xarch=v8plusa ] [ -bump ]
[ -ACA | -ACA_A | -ACB | -ACC | -AKA | -AKB | -AKC | -AMC ]
[ -b ] [ -no-relax ]
[ -l ] [ -m68000 | -m68010 | -m68020 |...]
[ -nocpp ] [ -EL ] [ -EB ] [ -G num ] [ -mcpu=CPU ]
[ -mips1 ] [ -mips2 ] [ -mips3 ] [ -m4650 ] [ -no-m4650 ]
[ --trap ] [ --break ]
[ --emulation=name ]
[ -- | files...]
Unlike older assemblers, as is designed to assemble
a source program in one pass of the source file. This has a subtle impact
on the .org
directive.
-a[cdhlmns]
Turn on listings, in any
of a variety of ways:
-
-ac
Omit false conditionals
-
-ad
Omit debugging directives
-
-ah
Include high-level source
-
-al
Include assembly
-
-am
Include macro expansions
-
-an
Omit forms processing
-
-as
Include symbols
-
=file
Set the name of the listing
file
You may combine these options;
for example, use -aln
for assembly listing without forms processing. The =file
option, if used, must be the last one. By itself, -a
defaults to -ahls.
-D
Ignored. This option is
accepted for script compatibility with calls to other assemblers.
--defsym sym= value
Define the symbol sym
to be value
before assembling the input file. value
must be an integer constant. As in C, a leading 0x
indicates a hexadecimal value, and a leading 0
indicates an octal value.
-f
“Fast”—skip whitespace and
comment preprocessing (assume source is compiler output).
--gstabs
Generate stabs debugging
information for each assembler line. This may help debugging assembler
code, if the debugger can handle it.
--help
Print a summary of the command
line options and exit.
-I dir
Add directory, dir,
to the search list for .include
directives.
-J
Don’t warn about signed
overflow.
-K
Issue warnings when difference
tables altered for long displacements.
-L
Keep (in the symbol table)
local symbols, starting with L.
--keep-locals
Keep (in the symbol table)
local symbols. On traditional a.out systems these start with L,
but different systems have different local label prefixes.
-o objfile
Name the object-file output
from as objfile.
-R
Fold the data section into
the text section.
--statistics
Print the maximum space
(in bytes) and total time (in seconds) used by assembly.
--strip-local-absolute
Remove local absolute symbols
from the outgoing symbol table.
-v
-version
--version
Print the as
version and exit.
-W
Suppress warning messages.
-w
-x
-Z
Generate an object file
even after errors.
-- | files...
Standard input, or source
files (files ...)
to assemble.
The following
options are available when as
is configured for an ARC processor.
-mbig-endian
Generate
big endian format output.
-mlittle-endian
Generate
little endian format output.
The following
options are available when as
is configured for the ARM processor family.
-m[arm]1
| -m[arm]2 | -m[arm]250 | -m[arm]3 | -m[arm]6 |
-m[arm]7[t][[d]m]
| -m[arm]v2 | -m[arm]v2a | -m[arm]v3 |
-m[arm]v3m |
-m[arm]v4 | -m[arm]v4t
Specify
which variant of the ARM architecture is the target.
-mthumb | -mall
Enable
or disable Thumb only instruction decoding.
-mfpa10 | -mfpa11
| -mfpe-old | -mno-fpu
Select
which floating point architcture is the target.
-mapcs-32 | -mapcs-26
Select
which procedure calling convention is in use.
-EB | -EL
Select
either big-endian (-EB) or little-endian (-EL) output.
The following
options are available when as
is configured for a D10V processor.
-O
Optimize
output by parallelizing instructions.
The following
options are available when as
is configured for a D30V processor.
-O
Optimize
output by parallelizing instructions.
-n
Warn
when nops are generated.
-N
Warn
when a nop after a 32-bit multiply instruction is generated.
The following
options are available when as
is configured for the Intel 80960 processor.
-ACA
| -ACA_A | -ACB | -ACC | -AKA | -AKB | -AKC | -AMC
Specify
which variant of the 960 architecture is the target.
-b
Add
code to collect statistics about branches taken.
-no-relax
Do
not alter compare-and-branch instructions for long displacements; error
if necessary.
The following
options are available when as is configured for the Mitsubishi M32R series
of processors.
--m32rx
Specify
which processor in the M32R family is the target. The default is normally
the M32R, but this option changes it to the M32R/X.
--warn-explicit-parallel-conflicts
| --Wp
Produce
warning messages when questionable parallel constructs are encountered.
--no-warn-explicit-parallel-conflicts
| --Wnp
Do
not produce warning messages when questionable parallel constructs are
encountered.
The following
options are available when as
is configured for the Motorola 68000 series.
-l
Shorten
references to undefined symbols, to one word instead of two.
-m68000 | -m68008
| -m68010 | -m68020 | -m68030 | -m68040 | -m68060
-m68302 | -m68331
| -m68332 | -m68333 | -m68340 | -mcpu32 | -m5200
Specify
what processor in the 68000 family is the target.
The
default is normally the 68020, but this can be changed at configuration
time.
-m68881 | -m68882
| -mno-68881 | -mno-68882
The
target machine does (or does not using the opposite input, with -mno-68881
being -m68881)
have a floating-point coprocessor. The default is to assume a coprocessor
for 68020, 68030, and the CPU32. Although the basic 68000 is not compatible
with the 68881, a combination of the two can be specified, since it’s possible
to do emulation of the coprocessor instructions with the main processor.
-m68851 | -mno-68851
The
target machine does (or does not) have a memory-management unit coprocessor.
The default is to assume an MMU for 68020 and up.
The following
options are available when as
is configured for the SPARC architecture.
-Av6
| -Av7 | -Av8 | -Asparclet | -Asparclite
-Av8plus | -Av8plusa
| -Av9 | -Av9a
Explicitly
select a variant of the SPARC architecture.
-Av8plus
and -Av8plusa
select a 32 bit environment.
-Av9
and -Av9a
select a 64 bit environment.
-Av8plusa
and -Av9a
enable the SPARC V9 instruction set with UltraSPARC extensions.
-xarch=v8plus |
-xarch=v8plusa
For
compatibility with the Solaris v9 assembler. These options are equivalent
to -Av8plus
and -Av8plusa,
respectively.
-bump
Warn
when the assembler switches to another architecture.
The following
options are available when as
is configured for a MIPS processor.
-G num
This
option sets the largest size of an object that can be referenced implicitly
with the gp
register. It is only accepted for targets that use ECOFF format, such as
a DECstation running Ultrix. The default value is 8.
-EB
Generate
“big endian” format output.
-EL
Generate
“little endian” format output.
-mips1
-mips2
-mips3
Generate
code for a particular MIPS Instruction Set Architecture level. -mips1
corresponds to the r2000 and r3000 processors, -mips2
to the r6000 processor, and -mips3
to the r4000 processor.
-m4650
-no-m4650
Generate
code for the MIPS r4650 chip. This tells the assembler to accept the mad
and madu instruction, and to not schedule nop instructions around accesses
to the HI and LO registers. -no-m4650
turns off this option.
-mcpu=CPU
Generate
code for a particular MIPS processor. This has little effect on the assembler,
but it is passed by GCC.
--emulation=name
This
option causes as to emulate as configured for some other target, in all
respects, including output format (choosing between ELF and ECOFF only),
handling of pseudo-opcodes which may generate debugging information or
store symbol table information, and default endianness. The available configuration
names are mipsecoff,
mipself,
mipslecoff,
mipsbecoff,
mipslelf,
mipsbelf.
The first two do not alter the default endianness from that of the primary
target for which the assembler was configured; the others change the default
to little- or big-endian as indicated by the b
or l
in the name. Using -EB
or -EL
will override the endianness selection in any case.
This
option is currently supported only when the primary target for which as
is configured is a MIPS ELF or ECOFF target. Furthermore, the primary target
or others specified with --enable-targets=name
(where name
is the target) at configuration time must include support for the other
format, if both are to be available. For example, the Irix 5 configuration
includes support for both. Eventually, this option will support more configurations,
with more fine-grained control over the assembler’s behavior, and will
be supported for more processors.
-nocpp
Ignored.
It is accepted for compatibility with the native tools.
--trap
--no-trap
--break
--no-break
Control
how to deal with multiplication overflow and division by zero. --trap
or --no-break
(which are synonyms) take a trap exception (and only work for Instruction
Set Architecture level 2 and higher); --break
or --no-trap
(also synonyms, and the default) take a break exception.
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