The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6
IEEE Std 1003.1-2001

The Compilation Environment

POSIX.1 Symbols

Certain symbols in this volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 are defined in headers (see the Base Definitions volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, Chapter 13, Headers). Some of those headers could also define symbols other than those defined by IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, potentially conflicting with symbols used by the application. Also, IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 defines symbols that are not permitted by other standards to appear in those headers without some control on the visibility of those symbols.

Symbols called "feature test macros" are used to control the visibility of symbols that might be included in a header. Implementations, future versions of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, and other standards may define additional feature test macros.

In the compilation of an application that #defines a feature test macro specified by IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, no header defined by IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 shall be included prior to the definition of the feature test macro. This restriction also applies to any implementation-provided header in which these feature test macros are used. If the definition of the macro does not precede the #include, the result is undefined.

Feature test macros shall begin with the underscore character ( '_' ).

The _POSIX_C_SOURCE Feature Test Macro

A POSIX-conforming application should ensure that the feature test macro _POSIX_C_SOURCE is defined before inclusion of any header.

When an application includes a header described by IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, and when this feature test macro is defined to have the value 200112L:

  1. All symbols required by IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 to appear when the header is included shall be made visible.

  2. Symbols that are explicitly permitted, but not required, by IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 to appear in that header (including those in reserved name spaces) may be made visible.

  3. Additional symbols not required or explicitly permitted by IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 to be in that header shall not be made visible, except when enabled by another feature test macro.

Identifiers in IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 may only be undefined using the #undef directive as described in Use and Implementation of Functions or The Name Space . These #undef directives shall follow all #include directives of any header in IEEE Std 1003.1-2001.

Note:
The POSIX.1-1990 standard specified a macro called _POSIX_SOURCE. This has been superseded by _POSIX_C_SOURCE.
The _XOPEN_SOURCE Feature Test Macro

[XSI] [Option Start] An XSI-conforming application should ensure that the feature test macro _XOPEN_SOURCE is defined with the value 600 before inclusion of any header. This is needed to enable the functionality described in The _POSIX_C_SOURCE Feature Test Macro and in addition to enable the XSI extension.

Since this volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 is aligned with the ISO C standard, and since all functionality enabled by _POSIX_C_SOURCE set equal to 200112L is enabled by _XOPEN_SOURCE set equal to 600, there should be no need to define _POSIX_C_SOURCE if _XOPEN_SOURCE is so defined. Therefore, if _XOPEN_SOURCE is set equal to 600 and _POSIX_C_SOURCE is set equal to 200112L, the behavior is the same as if only _XOPEN_SOURCE is defined and set equal to 600. However, should _POSIX_C_SOURCE be set to a value greater than 200112L, the behavior is unspecified. [Option End]

The Name Space

All identifiers in this volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, except environ, are defined in at least one of the headers, as shown in the Base Definitions volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, Chapter 13, Headers. When [XSI] [Option Start]  _XOPEN_SOURCE or [Option End] _POSIX_C_SOURCE is defined, each header defines or declares some identifiers, potentially conflicting with identifiers used by the application. The set of identifiers visible to the application consists of precisely those identifiers from the header pages of the included headers, as well as additional identifiers reserved for the implementation. In addition, some headers may make visible identifiers from other headers as indicated on the relevant header pages.

Implementations may also add members to a structure or union without controlling the visibility of those members with a feature test macro, as long as a user-defined macro with the same name cannot interfere with the correct interpretation of the program. The identifiers reserved for use by the implementation are described below:

  1. Each identifier with external linkage described in the header section is reserved for use as an identifier with external linkage if the header is included.

  2. Each macro described in the header section is reserved for any use if the header is included.

  3. Each identifier with file scope described in the header section is reserved for use as an identifier with file scope in the same name space if the header is included.

The prefixes posix_, POSIX_, and _POSIX_ are reserved for use by IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 and other POSIX standards. Implementations may add symbols to the headers shown in the following table, provided the identifiers for those symbols begin with the corresponding reserved prefixes in the following table, and do not use the reserved prefixes posix_, POSIX_, or _POSIX_.


Header

Prefix

Suffix

Complete
Name

[AIO] [Option Start] <aio.h>

aio_, lio_, AIO_, LIO_

 

  [Option End]

<arpa/inet.h>

in_, inet_

 

 

<ctype.h>

to[a-z], is[a-z]

 

 

<dirent.h>

d_

 

 

<errno.h>

E[0-9], E[A-Z]

 

 

<fcntl.h>

l_

 

 

<glob.h>

gl_

 

 

<grp.h>

gr_

 

 

<inttypes.h>

 

 

int[0-9a-z_]*_t,

 

 

 

uint[0-9a-z_]*_t

<limits.h>

 

_MAX, _MIN

 

<locale.h>

LC_[A-Z]

 

 

[MSG] [Option Start] <mqueue.h>

mq_, MQ_

 

  [Option End]

[XSI] [Option Start] <ndbm.h>

dbm_

 

  [Option End]

<netdb.h>

h_, n_, p_, s_

 

 

<net/if.h>

if_

 

 

<netinet/in.h>

in_, ip_, s_, sin_

 

 

[IP6] [Option Start]  

in6_, s6_, sin6_

 

  [Option End]

[XSI] [Option Start] <poll.h>

pd_, ph_, ps_

 

  [Option End]

<pthread.h>

pthread_, PTHREAD_

 

 

<pwd.h>

pw_

 

 

<regex.h>

re_, rm_

 

 

[PS] [Option Start] <sched.h>

sched_, SCHED_

 

  [Option End]

[SEM] [Option Start] <semaphore.h>

sem_, SEM_

 

  [Option End]

<signal.h>

sa_, uc_, SIG[A-Z], SIG_[A-Z]

 

 

[XSI] [Option Start]  

ss_, sv_

 

  [Option End]

[RTS] [Option Start]  

si_, SI_, sigev_, SIGEV_, sival_

 

  [Option End]

[XSI] [Option Start] <stropts.h>

bi_, ic_, l_, sl_, str_

 

  [Option End]

<stdint.h>

 

 

int[0-9a-z_]*_t,

 

 

 

uint[0-9a-z_]*_t

<stdlib.h>

str[a-z]

 

 

<string.h>

str[a-z], mem[a-z], wcs[a-z]

 

 

[XSI] [Option Start] <sys/ipc.h>

ipc_

 

key, pad, seq [Option End]

[MF] [Option Start] <sys/mman.h>

shm_, MAP_, MCL_, MS_, PROT_

 

  [Option End]

[XSI] [Option Start] <sys/msg.h>

msg

 

  [Option End]

[XSI] [Option Start] <sys/resource.h>

rlim_, ru_

 

  [Option End]

<sys/select.h>

fd_, fds_, FD_

 

 

[XSI] [Option Start] <sys/sem.h>

sem

 

sem [Option End]

[XSI] [Option Start] <sys/shm.h>

shm

 

  [Option End]

<sys/socket.h>

ss_, sa_, if_, ifc_, ifru_, infu_, ifra_,

 

 

 

msg_, cmsg_, l_

 

 

<sys/stat.h>

st_

 

 

[XSI] [Option Start] <sys/statvfs.h>

f_

 

  [Option End]

<sys/time.h>

fds_, it_, tv_, FD_

 

  [Option End]

<sys/times.h>

tms_

 

 

[XSI] [Option Start] <sys/uio.h>

iov_

 

UIO_MAXIOV [Option End]

<sys/un.h>

sun_

 

 

<sys/utsname.h>

uts_

 

 

[XSI] [Option Start] <sys/wait.h>

si_, W[A-Z], P_

 

  [Option End]

<termios.h>

c_

 

 

<time.h>

tm_

 

 

[TMR] [Option Start]  

clock_, timer_, it_, tv_,

 

  [Option End]

[TMR] [Option Start]  

CLOCK_, TIMER_

 

  [Option End]

[XSI] [Option Start] <ucontext.h>

uc_, ss_

 

  [Option End]

[XSI] [Option Start] <ulimit.h>

UL_

 

  [Option End]

<utime.h>

utim_

 

 

[XSI] [Option Start] <utmpx.h>

ut_

_LVL, _TIME,

  [Option End]

 

 

_PROCESS

  [Option End]

<wchar.h>

wcs[a-z]

 

 

<wctype.h>

is[a-z], to[a-z]

 

 

<wordexp.h>

we_

 

 

ANY header

 

_t

 

Note:
The notation [A-Z] indicates any uppercase letter in the portable character set. The notation [a-z] indicates any lowercase letter in the portable character set. Commas and spaces in the lists of prefixes and complete names in the above table are not part of any prefix or complete name.

If any header in the following table is included, macros with the prefixes shown may be defined. After the last inclusion of a given header, an application may use identifiers with the corresponding prefixes for its own purpose, provided their use is preceded by a #undef of the corresponding macro.

Header

Prefix

[XSI] [Option Start] <dlfcn.h>

RTLD_ [Option End]

<fcntl.h>

F_, O_, S_

[XSI] [Option Start] <fmtmsg.h>

MM_ [Option End]

<fnmatch.h>

FNM_

[XSI] [Option Start] <ftw.h>

FTW [Option End]

<glob.h>

GLOB_

<inttypes.h>

PRI[Xa-z], SCN[Xa-z]

[XSI] [Option Start] <ndbm.h>

DBM_ [Option End]

<net/if.h>

IF_

<netinet/in.h>

IMPLINK_, IN_, INADDR_, IP_, IPPORT_, IPPROTO_, SOCK_

[IP6] [Option Start]  

IPV6_, IN6_ [Option End]

<netinet/tcp.h>

TCP_

[XSI] [Option Start] <nl_types.h>

NL_ [Option End]

[XSI] [Option Start] <poll.h>

POLL [Option End]

<regex.h>

REG_

<signal.h>

SA_, SIG_[0-9a-z_],

[XSI] [Option Start]  

BUS_, CLD_, FPE_, ILL_, POLL_, SEGV_, SI_, SS_, SV_, TRAP_

[XSI] [Option Start] <stropts.h>

FLUSH[A-Z], I_, M_, MUXID_R[A-Z], S_, SND[A-Z], STR [Option End]

[XSI] [Option Start] <syslog.h>

LOG_ [Option End]

[XSI] [Option Start] <sys/ipc.h>

IPC_ [Option End]

[XSI] [Option Start] <sys/mman.h>

PROT_, MAP_, MS_ [Option End]

[XSI] [Option Start] <sys/msg.h>

MSG[A-Z] [Option End]

[XSI] [Option Start] <sys/resource.h>

PRIO_, RLIM_, RLIMIT_, RUSAGE_ [Option End]

[XSI] [Option Start] <sys/sem.h>

SEM_ [Option End]

[XSI] [Option Start] <sys/shm.h>

SHM[A-Z], SHM_[A-Z] [Option End]

[XSI] [Option Start] <sys/socket.h>

AF_, CMSG_, MSG_, PF_, SCM_, SHUT_, SO [Option End]

<sys/stat.h>

S_

[XSI] [Option Start] <sys/statvfs.h>

ST_ [Option End]

[XSI] [Option Start] <sys/time.h>

FD_, ITIMER_ [Option End]

[XSI] [Option Start] <sys/uio.h>

IOV_ [Option End]

[XSI] [Option Start] <sys/wait.h>

BUS_, CLD_, FPE_, ILL_, POLL_, SEGV_, SI_, TRAP_ [Option End]

<termios.h>

V, I, O, TC, B[0-9] (See below.)

<wordexp.h>

WRDE_

The following are used to reserve complete names for the <stdint.h> header:

INT[0-9A-Za-z_]*_MIN
INT[0-9A-Za-z_]*_MAX
INT[0-9A-Za-z_]*_C
UINT[0-9A-Za-z_]*_MIN
UINT[0-9A-Za-z_]*_MAX
UINT[0-9A-Za-z_]*_C
Note:
The notation [0-9] indicates any digit. The notation [A-Z] indicates any uppercase letter in the portable character set. The notation [0-9a-z_] indicates any digit, any lowercase letter in the portable character set, or underscore.

The following reserved names are used as exact matches for <termios.h>:

[XSI] [Option Start] CBAUD

EXTB

VDSUSP

DEFECHO

FLUSHO

VLNEXT

ECHOCTL

LOBLK

VREPRINT

ECHOKE

PENDIN

VSTATUS

ECHOPRT

SWTCH

VWERASE

EXTA

VDISCARD

    [Option End]


The following identifiers are reserved regardless of the inclusion of headers:

  1. All identifiers that begin with an underscore and either an uppercase letter or another underscore are always reserved for any use by the implementation.

  2. All identifiers that begin with an underscore are always reserved for use as identifiers with file scope in both the ordinary identifier and tag name spaces.

  3. All identifiers in the table below are reserved for use as identifiers with external linkage. Some of these identifiers do not appear in this volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, but are reserved for future use by the ISO C standard.


    _Exit
    abort
    abs
    acos
    acosf
    acosh
    acoshf
    acoshl
    acosl
    acosl
    asctime
    asin
    asinf
    asinh
    asinhf
    asinhl
    asinl
    asinl
    atan
    atan2
    atan2f
    atan2l
    atanf
    atanf
    atanh
    atanh
    atanhf
    atanhl
    atanl
    atanl
    atexit
    atof
    atoi
    atol
    atoll
    bsearch
    cabs
    cabsf
    cabsl
    cacos
    cacosf
    cacosh
    cacoshf
    cacoshl
    cacosl
    calloc
    carg
    cargf
    cargl
    casin
    casinf
    casinh
    casinhf
    casinhl
    casinl
    catan
    catanf
    catanh
    catanh
    catanhf
    catanhf
    catanhl
    catanhl
    catanl
    cbrt
    cbrtf
    cbrtl
    ccos
    ccosf
    ccosh
    ccoshf
    ccoshl
    ccosl
    ceil
    ceilf
    ceilf
    ceill
    ceill
    cerf
    cerfc
    cerfcf
    cerfcl
    cerff
    cerfl


    cexmp1
    cexmp1f
    cexmp1l
    cexp
    cexp2
    cexp2f
    cexp2l
    cexpf
    cexpl
    cimag
    cimagf
    cimagl
    clearerr
    clgamma
    clgammaf
    clgammal
    clock
    clog
    clog10
    clog10f
    clog10l
    clog1p
    clog1pf
    clog1pl
    clog2
    clog2f
    clog2l
    clogf
    clogl
    conj
    conjf
    conjl
    copysign
    copysignf
    copysignl
    cos
    cosf
    cosh
    coshf
    coshl
    cosl
    cpow
    cpowf
    cpowl
    cproj
    cprojf
    cprojl
    creal
    crealf
    creall
    csin
    csinf
    csinh
    csinhf
    csinhl
    csinl
    csqrt
    csqrtf
    csqrtl
    ctan
    ctanf
    ctanl
    ctgamma
    ctgammaf
    ctgammal
    ltime
    difftime
    div
    erfcf
    erfcl
    erff
    erfl
    errno
    exit
    exp
    exp2
    exp2f
    exp2l
    expf
    expl
    expm1
    expm1f
    expm1l
    fabs


    fabsf
    fabsl
    fclose
    fdim
    fdimf
    fdiml
    feclearexcept
    fegetenv
    fegetexceptflag
    fegetround
    feholdexcept
    feof
    feraiseexcept
    ferror
    fesetenv
    fesetexceptflag
    fesetround
    fetestexcept
    feupdateenv
    fflush
    fgetc
    fgetpos
    fgets
    fgetwc
    fgetws
    floor
    floorf
    floorl
    fma
    fmaf
    fmal
    fmax
    fmaxf
    fmaxl
    fmin
    fminf
    fminl
    fmod
    fmodf
    fmodl
    fopen
    fprintf
    fputc
    fputs
    fputwc
    fputws
    fread
    free
    freopen
    frexp
    frexpf
    frexpl
    fscanf
    fseek
    fsetpos
    ftell
    fwide
    fwprintf
    fwrite
    fwscanf
    getc
    getchar
    getenv
    gets
    getwc
    getwchar
    gmtime
    hypotf
    hypotl
    ilogb
    ilogbf
    ilogbl
    imaxabs
    imaxdiv
    is[a-z]*
    isblank
    iswblank
    labs
    ldexp
    ldexpf
    ldexpl
    ldiv
    ldiv
    lgammaf


    lgammal
    llabs
    llrint
    llrintf
    llrintl
    llround
    llroundf
    llroundl
    localeconv
    localtime
    log
    log10
    log10f
    log10l
    log1p
    log1pf
    log1pl
    log2
    log2f
    log2l
    logb
    logbf
    logbl
    logf
    logl
    longjmp
    lrint
    lrintf
    lrintl
    lround
    lroundf
    lroundl
    malloc
    mblen
    mbrlen
    mbrtowc
    mbsinit
    mbsrtowcs
    mbstowcs
    mbtowc
    mem[a-z]*
    mktime
    modf
    modff
    modfl
    nan
    nanf
    nanl
    nearbyint
    nearbyintf
    nearbyintl
    nextafterf
    nextafterl
    nexttoward
    nexttowardf
    nexttowardl
    perror
    pow
    powf
    powl
    printf
    putc
    putchar
    puts
    putwc
    putwchar
    qsort
    raise
    rand
    realloc
    remainderf
    remainderl
    remove
    remquo
    remquof
    remquol
    rename
    rewind
    rint
    rintf
    rintl
    round
    roundf
    roundl


    scalbln
    scalblnf
    scalblnl
    scalbn
    scalbnf
    scalbnl
    scanf
    setbuf
    setjmp
    setlocale
    setvbuf
    signal
    sin
    sinf
    sinh
    sinhf
    sinhl
    sinl
    sprintf
    sqrt
    sqrtf
    sqrtl
    srand
    sscanf
    str[a-z]*
    strtof
    strtoimax
    strtold
    strtoll
    strtoull
    strtoumax
    swprintf
    swscanf
    system
    tan
    tanf
    tanh
    tanhf
    tanhl
    tanl
    tgamma
    tgammaf
    tgammal
    time
    tmpfile
    tmpnam
    to[a-z]*
    trunc
    truncf
    truncl
    ungetc
    ungetwc
    va_end
    vfprintf
    vfscanf
    vfwprintf
    vfwscanf
    vprintf
    vscanf
    vsprintf
    vsscanf
    vswprintf
    vswscanf
    vwprintf
    vwscanf
    wcrtomb
    wcs[a-z]*
    wcstof
    wcstoimax
    wcstold
    wcstoll
    wcstoull
    wcstoumax
    wctob
    wctomb
    wctrans
    wctype
    wcwidth
    wmem[a-z]*
    wprintf
    wscanf

    Note:
    The notation [a-z] indicates any lowercase letter in the portable character set. The notation '*' indicates any combination of digits, letters in the portable character set, or underscore.
  4. All functions and external identifiers defined in the Base Definitions volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, Chapter 13, Headers are reserved for use as identifiers with external linkage.

  5. All the identifiers defined in this volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 that have external linkage are always reserved for use as identifiers with external linkage.

No other identifiers are reserved.

Applications shall not declare or define identifiers with the same name as an identifier reserved in the same context. Since macro names are replaced whenever found, independent of scope and name space, macro names matching any of the reserved identifier names shall not be defined by an application if any associated header is included.

Except that the effect of each inclusion of <assert.h> depends on the definition of NDEBUG, headers may be included in any order, and each may be included more than once in a given scope, with no difference in effect from that of being included only once.

If used, the application shall ensure that a header is included outside of any external declaration or definition, and it shall be first included before the first reference to any type or macro it defines, or to any function or object it declares. However, if an identifier is declared or defined in more than one header, the second and subsequent associated headers may be included after the initial reference to the identifier. Prior to the inclusion of a header, the application shall not define any macros with names lexically identical to symbols defined by that header.


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