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Oracle® Database Object-Relational Developer's Guide
11g Release 1 (11.1)

Part Number B28371-01
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Index

A  B  C  D  E  F  G  I  J  K  L  M  N  O  P  Q  R  S  T  U  V  W 

A

Active Server Pages, 5.6
ActiveX, 5.6
ADMIN OPTION
with EXECUTE ANY TYPE, 7.1.3
aggregate functions
See user-defined aggregate functions
aliases
required for tables, 2.1.7.1
ALTER ANY TYPE privilege, 7.1.1
See also privileges
ALTER TABLE, 8.3.6
See also object types, evolving
ALTER TYPE statement, 5.7.5.4, 8.3.5
See also object types, evolving
ANYDATA data type, 8.4, 9.11.2
ANYDATASET data type, 8.4
ANYTYPE data type, 8.4
arrays, A.3.6
size of VARRAYs, 3.1.3
variable (VARRAYs), 3.1.3
ASP, 5.6
assignments
across object types, 2.3.16
collections, 2.3.16.2
objects and REFs to objects, 2.3.16.1
atomic nulls, 2.1.1
atomically null
object types in PL/SQL, 4.1.3
attributes
leaf-level, 8.1.1
leaf-level scalar, 8.1.1
modifying, 8.3.3
of object types, 1.3.1.1

B

bind variables
object types, 5.2

C

caches
object cache, 5.3, 5.4, 6.3, 7.1.5
object views, 6.3
capture avoidance rule, 2.1.7.1
CARDINALITY function, 3.2.4.1
CAST function, 2.4.1
character length semantics
object types, 2.1.2
COLLECT function, 3.2.4.2
collections
assigning, 2.3.16.2
comparing, 3.1.10.2, 3.2.3
constructing, 1.3.1.11
creating, 3.1.1
data types
DML on, 3.2.2
DML on multilevel, 3.2.2.1
multilevel, 3.1.10, 9.4.1
constructing, 3.1.10.3
creating, 3.1.10.3
creating with REFs, 9.4.5
object views containing, 6.6.2
nested tables, 3.1.4
querying, 3.2.1, 9.4.1
See also varrays, nested tables
substitutable elements, 2.3.9.4
substituting in, 2.3.8
supported data types, 1.3.1.11
using object types with, 4.4
variable arrays (VARRAYs), 3.1.3
column objects
versus row objects, 9.1.1
COLUMN_VALUE keyword, 3.1.10.1
columns
column objects, 1.3.1.8
hidden, 8.1.3, 8.2.1
indexes on column objects, 2.1.4
qualifying in queries, 2.1.7
qualifying names in queries, 2.1.7.1
comparisons
collections, 2.3.17.1, 3.2.3
methods, 2.2.2, A.3.1, A.3.6.4
object types, 2.3.17.1
REFs, 2.3.17.1
compilation
of object types, 7.2
COMPRESS clause
nested tables, 9.4.4.1
constraints, A.3.4
object tables, 2.1.3
on Oracle objects, 9.8
REFs, 9.3.2
SCOPE FOR constraint, A.3.6.2
constructor methods, 1.3.1.3, 1.3.1.3, 2.2.4, 8.1.2
literal invocation of, 2.2.4
constructors
attribute values, 8.3.7
calling user-defined, 8.3.12
methods, 2.2.4
overloading, 8.3.10
overriding, 8.3.10
system defined, 8.3.7
type evolution, 8.3.8
user-defined, 8.3.9, 8.3.10
with NEW keyword, 8.3.7
COUNT attribute of collection types, A.3.2.2
CREATE ANY TYPE privilege, 7.1.1
See also privileges
CREATE INDEX statement
object types, 2.1.4
CREATE TABLE statement
column object example, 1.3.1.2
object table example, 1.3.1.6
object table examples, 2.1.3
CREATE TRIGGER statement
object table example, 2.1.5
CREATE TYPE privilege, 7.1.1
See also privileges
CREATE TYPE statement, 9.11.4.5
collection types, 1.3.1.11
dependent types, 7.2
example, 3.1.4
nested tables, 3.1.4
object types, 1.3.1.1, 1.3.1.1, A.3.1
varrays, 3.1.3, A.3.1
creating object types, 1.3.1.1
creating VARRAYs
containing references to LOBs, 3.1.9
CURSOR expression, 2.4.2

D

dangling REFs, 1.3.1.10, 1.3.1.10
data types
array types, 3.1.3
nested tables, 3.1.4
See also object types
transient and generic, 8.4
database administrators (DBAs)
DBA role, 7.1.1
database links
and object types, 2.1.8
DBA role
user-defined types, 7.1.1
declarations
object in a PL/SQL block, 4.1.2
DEFAULT clause, 3.1.2
default values
collections, 3.1.2
object types, 3.1.2
DELETE privilege
for object tables, 7.1.5, 7.1.5
DEREF function, 2.4.3
dereferencing, 1.3.1.10, A.3.2.2
implicit, 1.3.1.10, A.3.2.2
dot notation
for object attributes in PL/SQL, 4.2.1
for object methods in PL/SQL, 4.2.2
using with methods, 2.2.1
DROP ANY TYPE privilege, 7.1.1
See also privileges
DROP TYPE statement, 7.2.3.1
dump files
Export and Import, 7.6.1
dynamic dispatch, 2.3.6
dynamic method dispatch, 2.3.7

E

equal and not equal conditions
nested tables, 3.2.3.1
evolution
object types, 1.3.1.5
Excel, 5.6
EXECUTE ANY TYPE privilege, 7.1.1, 7.1.3
See also privileges
EXECUTE privilege
object types, 7.1.3
See also privileges
Export utility
object types, 7.6.1
EXTERNAL NAME phrase, 5.7.5

F

features
new, Preface
files
Export and Import dump file, 7.6.1
FINAL keyword, 2.3.2
modifying finality, 8.3.3, 9.9.3
FORCE keyword, 6.12.2
FORCE option, 7.2.3.1
foreign keys
representing many-to-one entity relationship with, A.2.2.2
function-based indexes
on type methods, 9.5.4

G

generalized method invocation, 2.3.3.2
GRANT option for EXECUTE privilege, 7.1.3
granting
execute object type, 7.1.3
guidelines
comparison methods, 2.2.2.3

I

implicit dereferencing, 1.3.1.10, A.3.2.2
Import utility
object types, 7.6.1
IN condition, 3.2.3.2
incomplete object types, 7.2
indexes
nested table, 3.1.4
object types, 2.1.4
on REFs, 2.1.4
type-discriminant column, 8.2.1
index-organized tables
storing nested tables as, 3.1.10.1, 9.4.4.1
inheritance, 1.3.1.4
and overloading, 2.3.6
See type inheritance
inheriting methods, 2.3.5
initialization
objects in PL/SQL, 4.1.3
inner capture, 2.1.7.1
INSERT privilege
for object tables, 7.1.5, 7.1.5
instances
object type, 1.3.1.1
objects, 1.3.1.2
INSTANTIABLE keyword
CREATE TYPE, 2.3.4
modifying instantiability, 8.3.3
INSTEAD OF triggers
nested tables, 6.10.1
invoker-rights
object types, 9.6
IS A SET condition, 3.2.3.6
IS EMPTY condition, 3.2.3.5
IS NOT A SET condition, 3.2.3.6
IS OF type predicate, 2.4.4

J

Java
object storage, 5.7.5
Oracle JDBC and Oracle objects, 5.7.1
Oracle SQLJ and Oracle objects, 5.7.2
with Oracle objects, 5.7
JDBC
See Oracle JDBC
JPublisher, 5.7.4

K

keys
foreign keys, A.2.2.2

L

leaf-level attributes, 8.1.1
scalar, 8.1.1
literal invocation
constructor methods, 2.2.4
locators
returning nested tables as, 8.6.1, 9.4.4.3, 9.4.4.3, A.3.6.2
using a hint, 9.4.4.3
locks
object level locking, 5.3

M

managing
object types, 7
map methods, 9.2, A.3.1, A.3.6.4
comparing collections, 3.2.3.1
for comparing objects, 2.2.2.1
materialized views, 9.7.2
MEMBER condition, 3.2.3.4
member methods, 1.3.1.3, 2.2.1
member procedures
with SELF IN OUT NOCOPY, 9.5.3
method
object types, 2.2
methods, A.3.2
choosing a language for, 9.5.1
comparison, A.3.1, A.3.6.4
comparison methods, 2.2.2
in a type hierarchy, 2.2.2.4
constructor, 1.3.1.3
constructor methods, 8.1.2
literal invocation, 2.2.4
constructors, 1.3.1.3, 2.2.4
dot notation, 2.2.1
dropping, 8.3.3
dynamic method dispatch, 2.3.7
execution privilege for, 7.1.2
final, 2.3.2
function-based indexes, 9.5.4
guidelines for comparison, 2.2.2.3
inheriting, 2.3.5
instantiability, 2.3.4
invoking, 2.2.1
map, 2.2.2.1, 9.2, A.3.1, A.3.6.4
map for comparing objects, 2.2.2.1
map required for collections, 3.2.3.1
member, 1.3.1.3, 2.2.1
object types, 1.3.1.3
of object types, 1.3.1.1
order, 2.2.2.2, 9.2, A.3.1, A.3.2.3
overloading, 2.3.3.1, 2.3.5, 2.3.5.1
overriding, 2.3.2, 2.3.3.1, 2.3.5, 2.3.5.2
PL/SQL, 5.2
redefining, 2.3.5.2
restrictions on overriding, 2.3.5.3
SELF parameter, 2.2.1
static, 1.3.1.3, 2.2.3, 9.5.2
multilevel collections
See collections, multilevel
MULTISET EXCEPT operator, 3.2.4.3
MULTISET INTERSECT operator, 3.2.4.4
multiset operations
with nested tables, 3.2.4
MULTISET UNION operator, 3.2.4.5

N

name resolution
object types, 2.1.7
narrowing, 2.3.16.1, 2.4.8
nested cursor, A.3.6.4
nested tables, 3.1.4, 9.4.4
adding to an object, 8.3.2
COMPRESS clause, 9.4.4.1
creating, 3.1.1
creating indexes on, 9.4.4.2
equal and not equal conditions, 3.2.3.1
in an index-organized table, 3.1.10.1, 9.4.4.1
indexes, 2.1.4, 3.1.4
INSTEAD OF triggers, 6.10.1
manipulating in PL/SQL, 4.4
multiset operations, 3.2.4
querying, 3.2.1, A.3.1
unnesting results, 3.2.1.2
returning as locators, 9.4.4.3, 9.4.4.3, A.3.6.2
specifying a storage name, 8.3.2
specifying storage in a tablespace, 3.1.5
storage, 3.1.10.1, 9.4.4.1, A.3.6.2
uniqueness in, A.3.6.2
updating in views, 6.10.1
versus VARRAY, A.3.1
versus varrays, A.3.1
NESTED_TABLE_GET_REFS hint, 9.4.4.3
NESTED_TABLE_ID keyword, 3.1.10.1, 9.4.4.2, A.3.6.2
NLS_LENGTH_SEMANTICS initialization parameter, 2.1.2
NOCOPY compiler hint
methods, 2.2.1
performance issues, 9.5.3
use with member procedures, 9.5.3
use with SELF, 2.2.1, 9.5.3
NOT FINAL keyword, 2.3.2
NOT MEMBER condition, 3.2.3.4
nulls
atomic, 2.1.1
object types, 2.1.1

O

object cache
object views, 6.3
OCI, 5.3
privileges, 7.1.5
Pro*C, 5.4
object constructors
calling in PL/SQL, 4.2.2
passing parameters to in PL/SQL, 4.2.2
object identifiers, 1.3.1.7, 1.3.1.7, 9.1.2, A.3.5
column and index, 9.1.1.2
for object types, 8.1.2
primary-key based, 9.1.2.1
REFs, 9.1.2
storage, 9.1.2
object instances, 1.3.1.1, 1.3.1.2
comparing, 2.3.17.1
object methods
calling in PL/SQL, 4.2.2
object tables, 1.3.1.6, 9.1.1.2, A.3.3
constraints, 2.1.3
deleting values, A.3.6.5
indexes, 2.1.4
inserting values, A.3.6.3
querying, A.3.6.4
replicating, 9.7
row objects, 1.3.1.8
triggers, 2.1.5
virtual object tables, 6.1
object types, 1.1
adding a nested table attribute, 8.3.2
advantages, 1.2
altering a type, 8.3.1, 8.3.2
assignments across, 2.3.16
attributes of, 1.3.1.1
character length semantics, 2.1.2
collection objects, 6.6
collections, 3.1
nested tables, 3.1.4
variable arrays (VARRAYs), 3.1.3
column objects, 1.3.1.8
column objects versus row objects, 9.1.1
comparing, 2.3.17.1
comparison methods for, 2.2.2, A.3.1, A.3.6.4
constructor methods, 1.3.1.3
constructor methods for, 2.2.4, 8.1.2
creating, 1.3.1.1, 1.3.1.1
creating subtypes of, 2.3.3.2
database key features, 1.3.1
declaring in a PL/SQL block, 4.1.2
dependencies, 7.2
dependents, 7.2, 8.3
evolution, 1.3.1.5
evolving, 8.3, 9.11.1
design considerations, 9.9
SQLJ types, 5.7.5.4
example of privileges, 7.1.4
Export and Import, 7.6.1
final, 9.9.3
FINAL or NOT FINAL, 2.3.2
in columns, 6.4
incomplete, 7.2, 7.2.1
incomplete types, 7.2
indexes on column objects, 2.1.4
indexing, 8.2.1
inheritance, 1.3.1.4, 2.3
initializing in PL/SQL, 4.1.3
instances, 1.3.1.1
instantiable, 2.3.4
invoker-rights, 9.6
key features, 1.3
locking in cache, 5.3
managing, 7
methods, 2.2, 2.2.1
methods in PL/SQL, 5.2
methods of, 1.3.1.1, A.3.2
mutually dependent, 7.2
name resolution, 2.1.7
nested tables, 3.1.4
not final, 9.9.3
not instantiable, 2.3.4
nulls, 2.1.1
object references, 6.8
Oracle type translator, 5.4.4
performance tuning, 7.4
privileges, 7.1
recompiling, 7.2.2
remote access to, 2.1.8, 6.11
row objects, 1.3.1.8
row objects and object identifiers, 6.6
schema privileges, 7.1.2
See also type inheritance
specializing, 1.3.1.4
SQLJ types, 5.7.5
storage, 8.1
substituting, 2.3.8
subtypes, 2.3.1
synonyms, 7.3
table aliases, 2.1.7.1
tools, 7.5
triggers, 2.1.5
use of table aliases, 2.1.7.1
using with PL/SQL collections, 4.4
utilities, 7.6
variable arrays (VARRAYs), 3.1.3
views, 1.3.1.9
object views, 1.3.1.9, 6
advantages of, 6.1
circular references, 6.12.1
defining, 6.2
hierarchies, 6.13, 9.11.3
privileges, 6.13.3
querying in, 6.13.2
modeling relationships, 6.9, 6.12
multilevel collections in, 6.6.2
nested tables, 6.10.1
null objects in, 6.5
OIDs with, 6.7
REFs to, 6.8
replicating, 9.7
updating through INSTEAD OF triggers, 6.10
OBJECT_ID pseudocolumn, 2.3.9.1
OBJECT_VALUE pseudocolumn, 2.3.9.1
object-relational model, A
advantages, 1.2
comparing objects, 9.2
constraints, 9.8
database key features, 1.3.1
design considerations, 9
embedded objects, A.3.6
key features, 1.3
methods, 1.3.1.3
partitioning, 8.6
programmatic environments for, 5, 5.7
replication, 9.7
smethods, 2.2
OCCI, 5.5
OCI
associative access, 5.3.1
for Oracle objects
building a program, 5.3.4
navigational access, 5.3.2
object cache, 5.3.3
OCIObjectFlush, 6.3
OCIObjectPin, 6.3
OIDs, 1.3.1.7
See object identifiers
Oracle C++ Call Interface, 5.5
Oracle JDBC
accessing Oracle object data, 5.7.1
Oracle objects
See object-relational model
Oracle Objects for OLE
OraCollection interface, 5.6.3
OraObject interface, 5.6.1
OraRef interface, 5.6.2
support of object-relational features, 5.6
Oracle SQLJ
creating custom Java classes, 5.7.4
data mapping for Oracle objects, 5.7.3
JPublisher, 5.7.4
support for Oracle objects, 5.7.2
Oracle type translator (OTT), 5.4.4
OraCollection interface, 5.6.3
ORAData interface, 5.7.5.1
OraObject interface, 5.6.1
OraRef interface, 5.6.2
order methods, 2.2.2.2, 9.2, A.3.1, A.3.2.3
OTT, 5.4.4
overloading
and inheritance, 2.3.6
methods, 2.3.3.1, 2.3.5.1
user-defined constructors, 8.3.10
overloading methods, 2.3.5
overriding
methods, 2.3.3.1
user-defined constructors, 8.3.10
overriding methods, 2.3.5

P

parallel query
objects, 9.10
restrictions for Oracle objects, 9.10
view objects, 9.10
partitioning
tables containing Oracle objects, 8.6
pkREFs, 8.1.5
PL/SQL
bind variables
object types, 5.2
object views, 6.3
using with objects, 1.3.1.6
polymorphism, 2.3, 9.11.2, 9.11.3
See also substitutability
POWERMULTISET function, 3.2.4.6
POWERMULTISET_BY_CARDINALITY function, 3.2.4.7
pragma RESTRICT_REFERENCES, A.3.1
primary-key-based REFs, 8.1.5
privileges
acquired by role on object types, 7.1.1
ALTER ANY TYPE on object types, 7.1.1
checked when pinning object types, 7.1.5
column level for object tables, 7.1.5
CREATE ANY TYPE on object types, 7.1.1
DELETE on object types, 7.1.5
DROP ANY TYPE on object types, 7.1.1
EXECUTE ANY TYPE on object types, 7.1.1, 7.1.3
EXECUTE ANY TYPE on object types with ADMIN OPTION, 7.1.3
EXECUTE on object types, 7.1.3
EXECUTE on object types with GRANT option, 7.1.3
INSERT on object types, 7.1.5
object types in types or tables, 7.1.3
object types with CREATE TYPE, 7.1.1
object types with DELETE, 7.1.5
object types with INSERT, 7.1.5
object types with SELECT, 7.1.5
object types with UPDATE, 7.1.5
on object types, 7.1
SELECT on object types, 7.1.5
system on object types, 7.1.1
UNDER ANY TYPE on object types, 7.1.1
UNDER ANY VIEW on object types, 7.1.1
UPDATE on object types, 7.1.5
Pro*C
embedded SQL with user-defined data types, 5.4
object cache, 5.4
Pro*C/C++
associative access, 5.4.1
converting between Oracle and C types, 5.4.3
navigational access, 5.4.2
user-defined data types, 5.3
programmatic environments
for Oracle objects, 5, 5.7

Q

queries
set membership, 9.4.4.4
unnesting, 9.4.1
varrays, 9.4.3

R

recompilation
object types, 7.2.2
redefining
methods, 2.3.5.2
REF attributes, 2.1.6
REF columns, 2.1.6
REF function, 2.4.5
manipulating objects in PL/SQL, 4.2.4
references, 1.3.1.10
references See REFs
REFs, 1.3.1.10
comparing, 2.3.17.2
constraints on, 2.1.6, 9.3.2
constructing from object identifiers, 8.1.2, A.3.6.3
dangling, 1.3.1.10, 1.3.1.10, 2.1.6
dereferencing of, 1.3.1.10, A.3.2.2
for rows of object views, 6.2
implicit dereferencing of, 1.3.1.10, A.3.2.2
indexes on, 2.1.4
indexing, 9.3.3.1
object identifiers
obtaining, 1.3.1.10
pinning, 6.3, 7.1.5
scoped, 1.3.1.10, 2.1.6, 8.1.5, 9.3.3
size of, 8.1.5
storage, 9.3.1
substitutability, 2.3.8, 2.3.9.3
use of table aliases, 2.1.7.1
WITH ROWID option, 9.3.4
remote databases
using with object types, 2.1.8
RESOURCE role
user-defined types, 7.1.1, 7.1.4
roles
DBA role, 7.1.1
RESOURCE role, 7.1.1, 7.1.4
row objects, 1.3.1.8
storage, 9.1.1.2

S

schemas
object data types, 5.2
object types, 1.3.1.1
qualifying column names, 2.1.7.1
SCOPE FOR constraint, A.3.6.2
scoped REFs, 1.3.1.10, 8.1.5
SELECT privilege
for object tables, 7.1.5, 7.1.5
SELF parameter
methods, 2.2.1
SET function, 3.2.4.8
SQL
support for object types, 5.1
user-defined data types, 5.1
OCI, 5.3
SQLData interface, 5.7.5.1
SQLJ
See Oracle SQL
SQLJ object types, 5.7, 9.11.4.1
creating, 5.7.5.2
mapping Java classes, 5.7.5.3
See also object types, Oracle SQLJ
static dispatch, 2.3.3.2
static methods, 1.3.1.3, 2.2.3
storage
column objects, 9.1.1.1
nested tables, 8.1.6
object tables, 8.1
REFs, 8.1.5
STORE AS clause, A.3.6.2
SUBMULTISET condition, 3.2.3.3
subprograms
overloading and inheritance, 2.3.6
roles with invoker's rights, 9.6.1
substitutability, 2.3.8
attributes, 2.3.8
collections, 2.3.8
column and row, 2.3.9, 8.2.1
constraining, 2.3.13
dependencies, 7.2.3
modifying, 2.3.14
narrowing, 2.3.16.1
OBJECT_ID, 2.3.9.1
OBJECT_VALUE, 2.3.9.1
restrictions on modifying, 2.3.15
turning off, 2.3.12
views, 2.3.9
views and, 9.11.3
widening, 2.3.16.1
substitutability of object types
with overloading, 2.3.6
substitutable columns
dropping subtypes, 2.3.11
subtypes
creating, 2.3.3
dropping in substitutable columns, 2.3.11
hierarchy, 2.3
indexing attributes of, 8.2.2
object types, 2.3.1
specializing, 9.11.1
with supertype attribute, 2.3.9.2
supertypes
attribute of subtype, 2.3.9.2
base in hierarchy, 2.3
synonyms
object types, 7.3
SYS_TYPEID function, 2.4.6, 8.2.1
SYS.ANYDATA, 8.4
SYS.ANYDATASET, 8.4
SYS.ANYTYPE, 8.4
system privileges
ADMIN OPTION, 7.1.3
object types, 7.1.1
See also privileges

T

TABLE
function, 2.4.7
TABLE expressions, 3.2.1.2, 9.4.1
TABLE operator
manipulating objects in PL/SQL, 4.3.1
tables
aliases, 2.1.7.1, 2.1.7.1
constraints on object tables, 2.1.3
functions, 2.4.7
indexes on nested tables, 2.1.4
indexes on object tables, 2.1.4
nested tables, 3.1.4
object
See object tables
object tables, 1.3.1.6
virtual, 6.1
qualifying column names, 2.1.7, 2.1.7.1, 2.1.7.1
triggers on object tables, 2.1.5
TREAT function, 2.3.9, 2.3.16.1, 2.4.4, 2.4.8, 8.2.2
triggers
INSTEAD OF triggers
object views and, 6.10
object types, 2.1.5
type dependencies, 7.2.3
type evolution
See object types
type hierarchies, 1.3.1.4, 2.3
methods in, 2.2.2.4
type inheritance
finality, 2.3.2
instantiability, 2.3.4
methods, 2.3.5
object types, 2.3
See inheritance
specializing subtypes, 2.3.1
typeids, 2.4.6, 8.2.1
types
See data types, object types

U

UNDER ANY TYPE privilege, 7.1.1
See also privileges
UNDER ANY VIEW privilege, 7.1.1
See also privileges
UNDER keyword
CREATE TYPE, 2.3.3
uninitialized object
how treated in PL/SQL, 4.1.3
unnesting queries, 9.4.1
UPDATE privilege
for object tables, 7.1.5, 7.1.5
updates
object views, 6.10
user-defined aggregate functions, 8.5
user-defined constructors, 8.3.9, 8.3.10
user-defined data types
See also user-defined types
See object types
user-defined types
and remote databases, 2.1.8
See also object-relational model
See object types
USING clause, 5.7.5

V

validation
failure, 8.3.4
object types, 8.3.3
VALUE function, 2.4.9, 4.2.2
variables
bind variables
object types, 5.2
object variables, 6.3
varrays, 3.1.3
accessing, 9.4.3
creating, 3.1.1
creating VARRAYs, 3.1.9
increasing the number of elements, 3.1.8
querying, 9.4.3
See also arrays, collections
storage, 3.1.6, 9.4.2
updating, 9.4.3
versus nested tables, A.3.1, A.3.1
views
object, 1.3.1.9
See also object views
substitutability, 2.3.9
updatability, 6.10
Visual Basic, 5.6

W

widening
and substitutability, 2.3.16.1